Con il nostro sistema brevettato Ecofining™ siamo in grado di trasformare materie prime di origine biogenica in biocarburanti denominati HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil). Il processo, data la sua grande flessibilità, consente di trattare diversi tipi di cariche, tra cui scarti di grassi animali e vegetali e oli da cucina usati. Abbiamo sviluppato la tecnologia nei nostri laboratori e centri di ricerca in collaborazione con Honeywell-UOP. Portandola ad un livello industriale, siamo riusciti a convertire due raffinerie convenzionali in bioraffinerie: quella di Venezia, primo esempio al mondo, e quella di Gela contribuendo a rilanciare il settore della raffinazione.
I biocarburanti avanzati sono uno degli strumenti per contribuire al contenimento delle emissioni di CO2 nel settore dei trasporti, tanto che l’Unione Europea ne promuove l’utilizzo attraverso specifiche direttive come la Direttiva sulla promozione dell'uso dell'energia da fonti rinnovabili n. 2018/2001 cd.“RED II”. I biocarburanti avanzati derivano da scarti e colture come paglia, glicerina grezza, gusci, sfalci agricoli e forestali e rifiuti organici della raccolta differenziata. La nostra tecnologia EcofiningTM soddisfa proprio questa esigenza perché può lavorare biomasse di varia natura e non solo oli vegetali. Inoltre, a differenza del processo per la produzione di biodiesel classico (FAME), con Ecofining™ si ottiene un biocarburante privo di componenti ossigenate e con un alto numero di cetano (ovvero l’indicatore del comportamento dei combustibili nei motori diesel in fase di accensione: un numero più alto è indice di prestazioni migliori). HVO ha un numero di cetano superiore a 70, mentre il gasolio tradizionale ha un numero di cetano pari a circa 51-55.
Abbiamo sviluppato Ecofining™ per poter ottenere un biocarburante idrogenato, utilizzabile anche puro, da tipi di cariche diverse, tutte di origine biologica (o biogenica). Negli impianti che producono biocarburanti tradizionali, denominati FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters), si utilizza un processo di trans-esterificazione, in cui i trigliceridi in ingresso vengono trattati con metanolo ottenendo un prodotto le cui caratteristiche dipendono fortemente dal tipo di materia prima. Due altri grossi limiti di questo processo sono la difficoltà di integrazione nelle raffinerie esistenti e la produzione di un sotto prodotto, la glicerina grezza, valorizzabile solo dopo un costoso processo di purificazione. La tecnologia Ecofining™ sostituisce la trans-esterificazione con un diverso processo chimico costituito da due fasi successive: idrodeossigenazione e isomerizzazione. Nella prima, la carica di partenza viene trattata con idrogeno per eliminare l’ossigeno e saturare i doppi legami. Nella seconda, le paraffine ottenute vengono “riordinate” per migliorare le loro proprietà a freddo. Alla fine del processo si ottiene il biocarburante idrogenato HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil).
La tecnologia Ecofining™ è stata concepita e sviluppata per essere applicata facilmente in impianti downstream esistenti. Conclusa la fase pilota, tale tecnologia è stata introdotta a Venezia e Gela, due storiche raffinerie tradizionali di Eni convertite in bioraffinerie. La bioraffineria di Venezia è il primo esempio al mondo di riconversione. Anche la bioraffineria della JV St. Bernard Renewables, in Louisiana (Stati Uniti d’America), in funzione dal 2023, utilizza il processo Ecofining™. Gli impianti Ecofining™ possono processare oltre a scarti (grassi animali e vegetali) provenienti dall'industria alimentare, anche l’olio microbico derivante dalla saccarificazione e successiva fermentazione di scarti agricoli e forestali da parte di microrganismi oleaginosi (Biomass to Fuel).
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