Con il nostro sistema brevettato EcofiningTM siamo in grado di trasformare materie prime di origine biologica in biocarburanti di alta qualità, in particolare HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil). Il processo, data la sua grande flessibilità, consente di trattare diversi tipi di cariche: dagli oli vegetali ai grassi animali, fino agli oli da cucina usati e quelli estratti da alghe. Abbiamo sviluppato la tecnologia nei nostri laboratori e centri di ricerca in collaborazione con Honeywell-UOP. Portandola ad un livello industriale, siamo riusciti a convertire due raffinerie convenzionali in bioraffinerie: quella di Venezia, primo esempio al mondo, e quella di Gela contribuendo a rilanciare il settore della raffinazione.
I biocarburanti avanzati sono uno degli strumenti per contribuire al contenimento delle emissioni di CO2 nel settore dei trasporti, tanto che l’Unione Europea ne promuove l’utilizzo attraverso specifiche direttive come la RED II. A differenza dei biocarburanti tradizionali che derivano da colture in competizione con l’uso alimentare, quelli avanzati trattano scarti o colture che non sottraggono terreno all’agricoltura, come alghe, paglia, glicerina grezza, gusci, sfalci agricoli e forestali e rifiuti organici della raccolta differenziata. La nostra tecnologia EcofiningTM soddisfa proprio questa esigenza perché può lavorare biomasse di varia natura e non solo oli vegetali come quello di palma o soia. Inoltre, a differenza del processo per la produzione di biodiesel classico, con EcofiningTM si ottiene un biocarburante di alta qualità privo di componenti ossigenate e con un alto numero di cetano consentendo prestazioni migliori.
Abbiamo sviluppato EcofiningTM per poter ottenere un biocarburante di alta qualità indipendentemente dalla carica di partenza. Negli impianti produttivi tradizionali, tecnicamente denominati FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters), si utilizza il processo di trans-esterificazione, in cui i trigliceridi in ingresso vengono trattati con metanolo ottenendo un prodotto le cui caratteristiche dipendono fortemente dal tipo di materia prima. Due altri grossi limiti di questo sistema sono la difficoltà di integrazione nelle raffinerie esistenti e la produzione di glicerina grezza, valorizzabile solo dopo un costoso processo di purificazione. La tecnologia EcofiningTM supera questi ostacoli sostituendo la trans-esterificazione con un diverso processo chimico costituito da due fasi successive: idrogenazione e isomerizzazione. Nella prima, la carica di partenza viene trattata con idrogeno per eliminare l’ossigeno e saturare i doppi legami. Nella seconda, le paraffine ottenute vengono “riordinate” per migliorare le loro proprietà a freddo. Alla fine del processo si ottiene il biocarburante idrogenato HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil).
La tecnologia EcofiningTM è stata concepita e sviluppata per essere applicata facilmente in impianti downstream esistenti. Conclusa la fase pilota, l’abbiamo quindi introdotta a Venezia e Gela convertendo queste due storiche raffinerie tradizionali in bioraffinerie. Nel caso di Venezia siamo stati i primi al mondo. A Gela, la seconda al mondo, stiamo anche integrando EcofiningTM con Waste to Fuel, un’altra nostra tecnologia che permette di produrre biocarburante utilizzando come carica di partenza anche i rifiuti organici domestici. Gli impianti EcofiningTM possono essere associati a ulteriori nostre tecnologie per la produzione di bio-olio da materie prime non in competizione con il settore food come, ad esempio, l’olio estratto da microalghe in cui viene biofissata la CO2 in appositi fotobioreattori (Biofissazione della CO2) o l’olio microbico derivante dalla saccarificazione e successiva fermentazione di scarti agricoli e forestali da parte di microrganismi oleaginosi (Biomass to Fuel).
I biocarburanti fanno parte delle soluzioni a nostra disposizione per contenere le emissioni di CO2 dei trasporti. Affinché possano essere davvero sostenibili, però, è importante che non vengano più prodotti da materie prime in competizione con l’uso alimentare o per cui si debbano aprire colture dedicate, consumando suolo agricolo. La flessibilità di EcofiningTM soddisfa proprio questa esigenza in quanto può trattare anche cariche di scarto per produrre biocarburanti “avanzati”, cioè assolutamente slegati dal consumo alimentare come alghe, paglia, gusci, pule, rifiuti organici provenienti dalla raccolta differenziata e residui dell’attività forestale.
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