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THIS WEBSITE (AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN) DOES NOT CONTAIN OR CONSTITUTE AN OFFER OF SECURITIES FOR SALE, OR SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO PURCHASE SECURITIES OR IS NOT FOR RELEASE, PUBLICATION OR DISTRIBUTION, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, IN OR INTO THE UNITED STATES (INCLUDING ITS TERRITORIES AND POSSESSIONS, ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) OR FOR THE ACCOUNT OR BENEFIT OF ANY U.S. PERSON AS THAT TERM IS DEFINED IN THE SECURITIES ACT (A "U.S. PERSON"), AUSTRALIA, CANADA, JAPAN OR SOUTH AFRICA OR ANY OTHER JURISDICTION WHERE SUCH AN OFFER OR SOLICITATION WOULD REQUIRE THE APPROVAL OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES OR OTHERWISE BE UNLAWFUL (THE "OTHER COUNTRIES"). THE SECURITIES REFERRED TO HEREIN HAVE NOT BEEN AND WILL NOT BE REGISTERED UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "SECURITIES ACT"), OR PURSUANT TO THE CORRESPONDING REGULATIONS IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA, CANADA, JAPAN, SOUTH AFRICA OR THE “OTHER COUNTRIES” AND MAY NOT BE OFFERED OR SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES OR TO A U.S. PERSON UNLESS THE SECURITIES ARE REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT, OR AN EXEMPTION FROM THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT IS AVAILABLE. NO PUBLIC OFFERING OF SUCH SECURITIES IS INTENDED TO BE MADE IN THE UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA, CANADA, JAPAN OR IN THE “OTHER COUNTRIES.”
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The information to which this website gives access is directed only at persons (i) who are persons falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) ("high net worth companies, unincorporated associations etc.") of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the "Order") or (ii) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19(5) of the Order or (iii) to whom it may otherwise lawfully be communicated (all such persons together being referred to as "relevant persons"). Any investment or investment activity to which this communication relates is only available to relevant persons and will be engaged in only with relevant persons, or in the EEA, with Qualified Investors. Any person who is not a relevant person, a Qualified Investor or otherwise permitted under applicable law or regulation to access the information, should not act or rely on the information contained herein.
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THIS WEBSITE (AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN) DOES NOT CONTAIN OR CONSTITUTE AN OFFER OF SECURITIES FOR SALE, OR SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO PURCHASE SECURITIES OR IS NOT FOR RELEASE, PUBLICATION OR DISTRIBUTION, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, IN OR INTO THE UNITED STATES (INCLUDING ITS TERRITORIES AND POSSESSIONS, ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) OR FOR THE ACCOUNT OR BENEFIT OF ANY U.S. PERSON AS THAT TERM IS DEFINED IN THE SECURITIES ACT (A "U.S. PERSON"), AUSTRALIA, CANADA, JAPAN OR SOUTH AFRICA OR ANY OTHER JURISDICTION WHERE SUCH AN OFFER OR SOLICITATION WOULD REQUIRE THE APPROVAL OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES OR OTHERWISE BE UNLAWFUL (THE "OTHER COUNTRIES"). THE SECURITIES REFERRED TO HEREIN HAVE NOT BEEN AND WILL NOT BE REGISTERED UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "SECURITIES ACT"), OR PURSUANT TO THE CORRESPONDING REGULATIONS IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA, CANADA, JAPAN, SOUTH AFRICA OR THE “OTHER COUNTRIES” AND MAY NOT BE OFFERED OR SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES OR TO A U.S. PERSON UNLESS THE SECURITIES ARE REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT, OR AN EXEMPTION FROM THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT IS AVAILABLE. NO PUBLIC OFFERING OF SUCH SECURITIES IS INTENDED TO BE MADE IN THE UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA, CANADA, JAPAN OR IN THE “OTHER COUNTRIES.”
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The information to which this website gives access is directed only at persons (i) who are persons falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) ("high net worth companies, unincorporated associations etc.") of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the "Order") or (ii) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19(5) of the Order or (iii) to whom it may otherwise lawfully be communicated (all such persons together being referred to as "relevant persons"). Any investment or investment activity to which this communication relates is only available to relevant persons and will be engaged in only with relevant persons, or in the EEA, with Qualified Investors. Any person who is not a relevant person, a Qualified Investor or otherwise permitted under applicable law or regulation to access the information, should not act or rely on the information contained herein.
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THIS WEBSITE (AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN) DOES NOT CONTAIN OR CONSTITUTE AN OFFER OF SECURITIES FOR SALE, OR SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO PURCHASE SECURITIES OR IS NOT FOR RELEASE, PUBLICATION OR DISTRIBUTION, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, IN OR INTO THE UNITED STATES (INCLUDING ITS TERRITORIES AND POSSESSIONS, ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) OR FOR THE ACCOUNT OR BENEFIT OF ANY U.S. PERSON AS THAT TERM IS DEFINED IN THE SECURITIES ACT (A "U.S. PERSON"), AUSTRALIA, CANADA, JAPAN OR SOUTH AFRICA OR ANY OTHER JURISDICTION WHERE SUCH AN OFFER OR SOLICITATION WOULD REQUIRE THE APPROVAL OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES OR OTHERWISE BE UNLAWFUL (THE "OTHER COUNTRIES"). THE SECURITIES REFERRED TO HEREIN HAVE NOT BEEN AND WILL NOT BE REGISTERED UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "SECURITIES ACT"), OR PURSUANT TO THE CORRESPONDING REGULATIONS IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA, CANADA, JAPAN, SOUTH AFRICA OR THE “OTHER COUNTRIES” AND MAY NOT BE OFFERED OR SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES OR TO A U.S. PERSON UNLESS THE SECURITIES ARE REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT, OR AN EXEMPTION FROM THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT IS AVAILABLE. NO PUBLIC OFFERING OF SUCH SECURITIES IS INTENDED TO BE MADE IN THE UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA, CANADA, JAPAN OR IN THE “OTHER COUNTRIES.”
In any Member State of the European Economic Area ("EEA"), the information contained in this website is only directed at and may only be communicated to persons who are "qualified investors" ("Qualified Investors") within the meaning of Article 2(e) of Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 (the "Prospectus Regulation").
The information to which this website gives access is directed only at persons (i) who are persons falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) ("high net worth companies, unincorporated associations etc.") of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the "Order") or (ii) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19(5) of the Order or (iii) to whom it may otherwise lawfully be communicated (all such persons together being referred to as "relevant persons"). Any investment or investment activity to which this communication relates is only available to relevant persons and will be engaged in only with relevant persons, or in the EEA, with Qualified Investors. Any person who is not a relevant person, a Qualified Investor or otherwise permitted under applicable law or regulation to access the information, should not act or rely on the information contained herein.
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These materials are for informational purposes only and are not directed to, nor are they intended for, access by persons located or resident in the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan or South Africa or any of the Other Countries. I certify that:
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If I am a resident of, or located in, the EEA, I am a Qualified Investor within the meaning of Article 2(e) of the Prospectus Regulation; or
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WARNING: the above certification constitutes a "self-certification" pursuant to Decree of the President of the Italian Republic No. 445 of 28 December 2000. False certifications are punishable by law.
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Per ben otto stagioni, questa serie tv è riuscita a penetrare l’immaginario in modo trasversale. Insieme alla densa simbologia, il dato che sorprende è l’inesauribile gioco di riferimenti storici e scientifici. Nelle Cronache del ghiaccio e del fuoco – la saga fantasy di George R. R. Martin da cui è tratto l’adattamento televisivo – diversi sono i dettagli che sembrano infatti avere radice nella realtà (salvo qualche dettaglio spesso non così irrilevante). È il caso della famigerata Barriera, ispirata al Vallo di Adriano, eretto nel II secolo per volere dell’imperatore tra la provincia romana della Britannia e la Caledonia (Scozia), per separare i Romani dai Barbari; oppure dei metalupi che, salvo le proporzioni, assomiglierebbero al Canis Dirus, un antenato del lupo grigio risalente al Pleistocene. In generale, GoT è costellato di riferimenti storici e molte battaglie richiamano lo sfondo delle due guerre europee a fine Medioevo. In particolare, quella delle Due rose, combattuta in Inghilterra (1455-1485) tra gli York e i Lancaster, potrebbe essere stata fonte d’ispirazione per le stesse casate degli Stark e dei Lannister.
Ma c’è di più. A ben guardare, la saga potrebbe rifarsi perfino ad alcuni periodi della storia climatica terrestre, con un contesto di riferimento – verosimilmente la Guerra dei cent’anni tra Francia e Inghilterra (1337-1453) – ispirato all’alba della Piccola era glaciale. In questo periodo – considerato dai climatologi una fase stadiale, la più fredda, dell’attuale periodo interglaciale – si verificò un vertiginoso abbassamento delle temperature su diverse zone del continente europeo e con inverni così rigidi da causare la distruzione dei raccolti e frequenti carestie. Qualcosa di molto simile al temuto inverno che incombe su Westeros. Il lungo periodo di temperature elevate che nella serie lo precede richiamerebbe invece il cosiddetto Periodo caldo medievale, verificatosi tra il IX e il XIV secolo. L’entità del raffreddamento e del riscaldamento del periodo medievale continua a essere tema di dibattito per la scienza, collocandosi in una più ampia discussione sui cambiamenti climatici, in particolare nell’ambito di quella che è stata definita la controversia della “mazza da Hockey” e su cui vale la pena aprire un breve inciso.
La questione sorge a fine anni Novanta, quando il ricercatore Michael E. Mann pubblica sulla rivista Geophysical Research Lettersgli esiti di un suo studio sulle variazioni climatiche. Poco dopo il suo grafico apparso su “Nature” crea sconcerto fra i membri della comunità scientifica: la ricerca sui dati di migliaia di anni mostrava una temperatura media pressoché costante fino al 1850 mentre, subito dopo, – in seguito al processo di industrializzazione e al progressivo consumo di combustibili fossili – questa si impennava producendo una curva simile appunto a una mazza da hockey: l’evidenza scientifica di quanto forte sia stato l’impatto dell’attività umana sul cambiamento climatico.
I dati di Mann hanno così creato una spaccatura, che in parte permane tuttora, tra chi imputa il riscaldamento globale a fattori antropici e chi invece a cause naturali. Per questi ultimi, proprio il verificarsi del Periodo caldo medievale – con una temperatura media simile a quella di fine millennio – contribuirebbe a dimostrare che il riscaldamento globale sarebbe determinato da un ciclo climatico naturale e non quindi dai gas serra.
Oggi, tuttavia, i dati raccolti convergono sul fatto che l’aumento delle temperature sia determinato principalmente alla combustione di fossili e che questo sia alla base del cambiamento climatico in corso. Alterazioni atmosferiche brusche e irreversibili, eventi estremi come tifoni e inondazioni, così come siccità e incendi, rischiano di aumentare se le temperature supereranno i 2 gradi centigradi rispetto al periodo preindustriale. La nostra casa è in fiamme, ammonisce la piccola Greta Thumberg: un’eco dell’enigmatico motto degli degli Stark?
Una delle chiavi di lettura più interessanti in circolazione vede Game of Thrones come una metafora del Climate Change, in cui l’arrivo degli Estranei potrebbe malauguratamente evocare qualcosa di ben più reale rispetto a delle creature uscite dalla penna di uno scrittore fantasy.
Come gli appassionati della serie sanno, uno dei problemi che attanagliano Westeros è il clima, al punto che questa imprevedibile variabilità stagionale ha incuriosito perfino gli scienziati. Alcuni ricercatori dell’università di Cardiff, Bristol e Southampton hanno infatti dimostrato che simili condizioni climatiche, pur essendo piuttosto difficili da immaginare, non sarebbero completamente inverosimili da un punto di vista scientifico. L’esito dello studio è stato pubblicato su “Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of King’s Landing” (rivista inventata ad hoc).
Non potendo riprodurre il sistema climatico in laboratorio, per la simulazione del clima e delle sue evoluzioni i climatologi ricorrono ai modelli climatici. Un modello climatico è una sorta di laboratorio virtuale che integra l’uso di modelli matematici e supercalcolatori, basato sulla meccanica dei fluidi. Aria e acqua vengono divisi in caselle tra cui si calcola flusso di calore, velocità e massa secondo una progressione temporale. Per studiare il clima di Game of Thrones è stato utilizzato il modello climatico CitCM3 che, attraverso una serie di algoritmi, può simulare l’evoluzione climatica di qualsiasi pianeta fino a 200 anni una volta impostate le cosiddette condizioni al contorno, ovvero le principali caratteristiche (distanza dal Sole, inclinazione dell’asse, posizione dei continenti, altezza delle terre emerse e profondità dei mari, concentrazione di gas serra).
Per procedere alla simulazione coi parametri del mondo di GoT, i ricercatori hanno impostato valori affini alla Terra che in seguito hanno in parte modificato integrando dati estrapolati dai romanzi di Martin (le tempeste autunnali, temperature notturne simili a quelle diurne o gli inverni lunghi e rigidi di Westeros). Infine, prendendo come riferimento la mappa del Mondo conosciuto, sono stati tracciati i continenti e le montagne e, dopo aver convertito tutto in formato digitale, i dati sono stati inseriti nel modello climatico.
Una delle difficoltà riguardava l’alternarsi delle stagioni e la loro durata, fattori determinati dall’inclinazione dell’asse di rotazione terrestre; per far coincidere le previsioni del modello con la durata delle stagioni di GoT, l’angolo di inclinazione, di circa 23°, è stato quindi ridotto a 10°. Un altro fattore che potrebbe concorrere al verificarsi di stagioni come quelle di Game of Thrones sarebbe un asse di rotazione traballante (quello terrestre è stabile grazie alla Luna). Dalla simulazione è emerso che nella regione della Barriera si verificherebbero temperature invernali e precipitazioni simili a quelle della Lapponia o dell’Alaska, mentre il clima di Castel Granito, fortezza dei Lannister, si avvicinerebbe a quello di alcune regioni della Cina e del Texas, con estati calde e inverni miti.
Oltre a spiegare la possibilità di stagioni e di condizioni metereologiche come quelle del mondo di GoT, lo studio ne ha misurato la sensibilità climatica, un parametro che calcola il riscaldamento globale in base alle emissioni e che in questo caso è risultato pari a 2.1 °C. Visti così i luoghi raccontati da Martin non sembrano poi così diversi da quelli reali…
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