We have several ongoing projects relating to CCS - “Carbon Capture and Storage” - and CCU - “Carbon Capture and Utilization” - under the supervision of the Research Centre of San Donato Milanese and the Renewable Energy and Environmental R&D Centre in Novara. Overall, we can achieve a potential for avoided emissions corresponding to around 15 MTPA of CO₂ per year from 2030, of which Eni's share is 7 million. In relation to the technologies, with regards to the “Capturing” stage, we are developing systems that use ionic liquids that are more efficient than conventional amine-based liquids. Where “Storage” is concerned, thanks to our key expertise in geology, we are using an integrated approach to capture, transport, fluid-to-rock interaction and monitoring studies relating to the geological storage of CO₂. On the operations front, we want to create the world's largest CO₂ storage hub off the coast of Ravenna, taking advantage of depleted deposits and disused assets in the area. The range of technologies we are developing for the “Utilization” stage, meanwhile, is somewhat more complex, with the main projects in this domain relating to microalgae biofixation and the conversion to methanol. Other avenues of research are focusing on ways of using CO₂ in the production of polymers (such as polycarbonates) and chemically fixing it in mining residues to produce building materials. One larger-scale project in particular also aims to capture CO₂ directly on board vehicles.

Capturing CO₂ for permanent storage or reusing it in other production cycles is one of the key ways of reducing its concentrations in the atmosphere and limiting the increase in the average global temperature to within two degrees Celsius, as required by the Paris Agreements on climate change. The CCS and CCU technologies are part of our decarbonization strategy, together with the right mix of renewables and natural gas, energy savings generated by increased efficiency and the protection and conservation of forests. Developing the corresponding plants on an industrial scale also has the advantage of generating a virtuous circle through the principles of the circular economy, with positive effects on overall growth and development. One additional benefit would stem from the possibility of using the surplus electricity production typical of generating energy from renewable sources, and from solar and wind power in particular, to power the capturing, storage and reuse of CO2.    

The main difficulty facing any method of capturing and reusing CO₂ is the fact that the carbon dioxide molecule is the most stable of the carbon compounds, meaning that breaking it down or binding it to any other substance always requires a lot of energy. There is no single solution for doing away with this constraint imposed by thermodynamics, but research has been studying those reaction pathways that consume the lowest possible amounts of energy. With this in mind, we are focusing our efforts on ionic fluids - a proprietary technology that makes it possible to intercept CO₂ in the atmosphere but with lower emission and energy consumption levels than conventional amine-based methods. We are simultaneously conducting research alongside the MIT with a view to developing high-efficiency electrochemical capture systems. The chemical reduction of CO₂ to methanol using hydrogen produced by electrolysing water using renewable electricity is another of the challenges we are facing; indeed, methanol produced in this way can be reused to produce energy or used directly as a component of automotive fuel, thus reducing the carbon footprint of the entire process.

The CCS and CCU technologies can be used to transform CO₂ from a cost into an opportunity, and this is especially true for the energy industry since these processes can be perfectly integrated into our business. In the field of storage, in particular, the depleted gas fields and decommissioned assets in the area offshore of Ravenna offers us a unique opportunity to build a large hub for storing CO₂ from upstream operations and production facilities onshore, like the Enipower thermoelectric stations. By twinning our broad knowledge of reservoir dynamics with new technologies, we aim to build the world's largest centre for carbon dioxide capture and storage in the Middle Adriatic. We expect to start operations shortly, and then reach a storage capacity of 7 million tonnes of CO₂ per year by 2030 and 50 million tonnes per year from 2050. Overall, we expect to to have the capacity to store 300–500 million tonnes of CO₂ at this site. In Britain meanwhile, in October 2020 the Oil and Gas Authority gave us a licence for a storage project in Liverpool Bay, in the eastern Irish Sea. In terms of the “Utilization” aspect, meanwhile, there could be excellent opportunities for integration with our operations in the natural gas and green chemistry sectors.