We have several ongoing projects in the world of CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage ) and CCU (Carbon Capture and Utilisation) technology. under the supervision of the Research Centre of San Donato Milanese and the Renewable Energy and Environmental R&D Centre in Novara.

In relation to the technologies, with regards to the capturing stage, we are developing systems that use ionic liquids that are more efficient than conventional amine-based liquids.

With regard to storage, we are optimising all stages of the process, from transport to fluid-rock interaction to field monitoring systems, in order to make the technology more efficient and facilitate its large-scale application. Operationally, we aim to create one of the world's largest CO₂ storage hubs and the first in the Mediterranean off the coast of Ravenna. The conversion of depleted fields in the Adriatic Sea, which will no longer produce natural gas, into exclusive permanent CO₂ storage sites and the re-use of a small part of the existing infrastructure will provide a rapid and concrete solution for reducing emissions in the Italian industrial sector at very competitive prices. CCS is, in particular, the only readily available option for so-called hard-to-abate sectors such as cement, steel, chemical plants, etc., where a significant proportion of carbon dioxide emissions are linked to the industrial process and therefore cannot be avoided by means of electrification or renewables, for example. At an international level, we are also partners in two CCS projects being set up in the UK: HyNet North West, in the Liverpool Bay area on the north-west coast of the Country. Outside Europe, we are also assessing the feasibility of a CO₂ capture project in the United Arab Emirates at Ghasha and is studying a CCS application in Libya, for the Bahr Essalam project. Furthermore, we are looking at opportunities to develop CCS projects in Australia and East Timor.

The range of technologies we are developing for the utilization phase is more various. A first line of research relates to the ultra-intensified bio-fixation of CO₂ through the cultivation of microalgae in LED photobioreactors with photosynthesis optimised wavelengths. Another technology involves a process of CO₂ mineralisation with natural mineral phases and the use of the products obtained during the making of cement, which we patented in April 2021. A third area of research looks at ways to use CO₂ in the production of methanol, an energy vector with huge potential. One larger-scale project in particular also aims to capture CO₂ directly on board vehicles.

Capturing CO₂ for permanent storage or reusing it in other production cycles is one of the key ways of reducing its concentrations in the atmosphere and limiting the increase in the average global temperature to within two degrees Celsius, as required by the Paris Agreements on climate change. The CCS and CCU technologies are part of our decarbonization strategy, together with the right mix of renewables and natural gas, energy savings generated by increased efficiency and the protection and conservation of forests. Developing the corresponding plants on an industrial scale also has the advantage of generating a virtuous circle through the principles of the circular economy, with positive effects on overall growth and development.

The main difficulty facing any method of capturing and reusing CO₂ is the fact that the carbon dioxide molecule is the most stable of the carbon compounds, meaning that separating it from other gases, breaking it down or binding it to any other substance always requires a lot of energy. There is no single solution for doing away with this constraint imposed by thermodynamics, but research has been studying those reaction pathways that consume the lowest possible amounts of energy. With this in mind, we are focusing our efforts on ionic fluids - a proprietary technology that makes it possible to intercept CO₂ but with lower emission and energy consumption levels than conventional amine-based methods. We are simultaneously conducting research alongside the MIT with a view to developing high-efficiency electrochemical capture systems. The chemical reduction of CO₂ to methanol using hydrogen produced by electrolysing water using renewable electricity is another of the challenges we are facing; indeed, methanol produced in this way can be reused to produce energy or used directly as a component of automotive fuel, thus reducing the carbon footprint of the entire process.

Thanks to CCS and CCU technologies, CO₂ can be transformed from a cost into an opportunity. This is especially true for the energy industry, which has the technical and organisational expertise to implement such large-scale projects efficiently, quickly and safely. With regard to storage, in particular, the presence of depleted gas fields and decommissioned assets at the Ravenna offshore site offers us a unique opportunity to create a large hub for storing CO₂ generated by onshore production activities, such as Enipower's combined cycle gas power plants. These are already based on the technology that currently has the lowest emissions in the thermoelectric power sector, and will be able to further reduce their emission levels and produce decarbonized energy to accelerate the transition of the entire Italian energy system towards sustainable energy. But the Ravenna project does not only aim to reduce Eni's emissions; indeed, by combining our broad knowledge of reservoir dynamics with new technologies, we aim to build the leading centre for carbon dioxide capture and storage for Italy and the Mediterranean in the Middle Adriatic. We notably aim to offer a concrete solution for all of Italy's strategic industrial sectors, such as cement, steel, paper and chemicals, which generate around 20% of Italy's emissions and for which there are currently no viable technological alternatives that could be quickly implemented. Part of the project’s expected initial 4 million tonnes per year (Mton/year) will be reserved for these industrial sectors, which, thanks to the availability of large storage capacities (500 million tonnes), can then increase, perhaps even rapidly, in the following years to over 10 Mton/year of CO₂. With regard to activities in the UK, in October 2020 we obtained a licence from the UK Oil and Gas Authority for the Hynet North West project, with the aim of building a storage hub in Liverpool Bay. The business plan sent to the UK authorities on 9 July 2021 and, in October 2021, Eni UK, on behalf of the HyNet Consortium Cluster, is delighted to announce that its submission to the Cluster Sequencing process has been accepted as a Track 1 project. This acceptance will allow Eni UK and the supporting entities of Hynet to proceed as one of the first UK industrial clusters to apply carbon capture and storage (CCS), to materially reduce carbon emissions in the UK. This project also involves reusing Eni's depleted offshore fields, with Eni taking operational responsibility for CO₂ storage and transport activities, in order to reduce the emissions generated by the area's major industrial hub, where a major hydrogen production site will also be built, by 4 Mton/year. The project is scheduled to start in 2025, with the possibility of expanding the capture capacity up to 10 Mton/year by 2030. We have also signed a cooperation agreement in the UK with other partners to join the CCS North Endurance Partnership project (Eni 10%), which will allow for the decarbonization of the Teesside and Humberside industrial districts in the North East of the country. Start-up of activities here is expected in 2027, with an initial storage capacity of 5 Mton/year of CO₂.